Infertility is a condition that affects many people. Reports published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in April 2023 highlighted the high percentage of individuals affected by this reproductive issue. One in six people worldwide experiences infertility (around 18%), making it urgent to ensure access to quality care for those in need, depending on the type of infertility involved, which may be primary or secondary.
Although the prevalence of infertility varies little from one region to another and rates are similar across countries, the likelihood of infertility is steadily increasing. Society’s paradigm has shifted exponentially. Today, especially in Europe, young people are delaying the decision to start a family due to various situations or personal circumstances.
This delay runs counter to the natural fertility of women, as age is one of the main risk factors for female fertility—alongside lifestyle habits, hormonal imbalances, or conditions such as endometriosis.
Below, and in recognition of Infertility Awareness Month held each June, we will explore the differences between these two types of infertility—primary and secondary—and shed light on a phenomenon that is increasingly affecting younger generations.
What is primary infertility?
Primary infertility refers to a disorder of the reproductive system (male or female) characterized by the inability to achieve pregnancy after 12 months or more of frequent, unprotected sexual intercourse. It is typically diagnosed after one year, although this timeframe is reduced to just six months if the woman is 35 years old or older.
This type of infertility—primary infertility—is the most common and widely recognized, although there is also another form known as secondary infertility.
What is secondary infertility? How is it different from primary infertility?
This issue arises when a couple has previously had a successful pregnancy but is unable to conceive again naturally. This is the key difference from primary infertility.
The causes of secondary infertility are varied and may even be influenced by factors that develop after the first pregnancy. Ovulation problems, endometriosis, changes in the general health of one or both partners, poor nutrition or lifestyle habits, and age can all directly contribute to a new scenario of infertility that was not previously experienced.
How is secondary infertility treated?
In some cases, when there are no deficiencies in egg quality, ovarian reserve, or damage to the fallopian tubes, for example, treating this reproductive disorder may involve making lifestyle or behavioral changes.
Improving nutrition, getting adequate and proper rest, engaging in moderate physical activity, reducing stress levels, and maintaining a healthy and proportionate weight are all factors that can help increase the chances of conceiving.
If, despite making these changes, pregnancy is still not achieved, it is advisable to consult a fertility specialist to evaluate your personal case.
